Milk Thistle and Lung Cancer

Over the course of 2000 years, milk thistle (Silybum marianum) has earned a beneficial reputation in matters relating to the liver, kidneys and gall bladder. Its most well known compound, the flavonoid silymarin derived from the seed of the plant, has both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and has been the subject of many animal and human studies that have yielded mixed results. The most recent study of note focused on silibinin, another component of milk thistle, and its effect on cancer cells in mice.

In a study published in the journal Molecular Carcinogenesis,researchers at the University of Colorado Cancer Center treated lung cancer cells in mice with silibinin and found the compound inhibited tumorigenesis in part by targeting the tumor’s microenvironment.

An article published by the University of Colorado Denver explained the foundation and scope of the study, noting that cells are governed by a chain of signals that accumulate and lead to an end product. To manipulate a cell’s end product, one must discover how to break a link in the signaling chain that leads to it.

In the case of this study, tissue with wound-like conditions allowed tumors to grow and spread. The end products in the cell signal chain resulted in cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)enzymes which played a role in the inflammatory response to perceived wounds and, subsequently, in tumor growth. Early in the signaling chain that led to those unwanted enzymes were STAT1 and STAT3—transcription factors that allowed the blueprint of DNA to bind with proteins that continue the signal cascade, eventually leading to the production of harmful COX2 and iNOS. By stopping STAT1 and STAT3, the chains that led to COX2 and iNOS enzymes were broken, halting the growth of lung tumors.

Researchers at the University of Colorado applied the aforementioned theory to mouse lung cancer cells, treating the cells with silibinin, which subsequently removed the “molecular billboards” that signal wound-like conditions, effectively stopping the spread of lung cancers, the researchers reported.

“This relatively nontoxic substance—a derivative of milk thistle, called silibinin—was able to inhibit the upstream signals that lead to the expression of COX2 and iNOS,” commented Alpna Tyagi, PhD, of the University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy. Dr. Tyagi works in the lab of University of Colorado Cancer Center investigator Rajesh Agarwal, PhD.

In addition, Dr. Tyagi and her colleagues compared the effects of silibinin to drugs currently in clinical trials for lung cancer. Would drugs that target other signaling pathways—other linked chains—similarly cut into the production of COX2 and iNOS?

It turned out that inhibiting the chains of JAK1/2 and MEK in combination, and also inhibiting the signaling pathways of EGFR and NF-kB in combination, blocked the ability of STAT1 and STAT3 to trap the energy they needed to eventually signal COX2 and iNOS production.

Compared to multi-million dollar lung cancer drugs, naturally-occurring silibinin blocked not only the expression of COX2 and iNOS, but also the migration of existing lung cancer cells.

“Together, we showed that STAT3 and STAT1 could be valuable chemopreventive and therapeutic targets within the lung tumor microenvironment in addition to being targets within tumor itself, and that silibinin inhibits their activation as a plausible mechanism of its efficacy against lung cancer,” the researchers concluded.

“What we showed is that STAT1 and STAT3 may be promising therapeutic targets in the treatment of lung cancer, no matter how you target them,” echoed Dr. Tyagi. “And also that naturally-derived products like silibinin may be as effective as today’s best treatments.”

This research endeavor was supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute.

Goji Berry

Tuesday, September 13, 2011


Goji (Lycium spp.)

While some complementary and alternative techniques have been studied scientifically, high-quality data regarding safety, effectiveness, and mechanism of action are limited or controversial for most therapies.
Whenever possible, it is recommended that practitioners be licensed by a recognized professional organization that adheres to clearly published standards. In addition, before starting a new technique or engaging a practitioner, it is recommended that patients speak with their primary healthcare provider(s).
Potential benefits, risks (including financial costs), and alternatives should be carefully considered. The below monograph is designed to provide historical background and an overview of clinically-oriented research, and neither advocates for or against the use of a particular therapy.

Related Terms
• Barbary wolfberry, betaine, boxthorn, carotenoids, Chinese boxthorn, Chinese matrimony vine,
Chinese wolfberry, Di Gu Pi, Digupi, dried wolfberries, fructus Lycii, fructus Lycii berry, fructus Lycium barbarum L., goji berry, goji juice, gou qi (Chinese), gou qi zi (Chinese), gouqi (Chinese), gouqizi (Chinese), Kei Tze, L. exsertum, L. fremontii, lutein, Lycii berries, Lycii chinense, Lycii fructus, Lycii fruit, Lycium, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP), Lycium californicum, Lycium chilense, Lycium chinense, Lycium europaeum, Lycium halimifolium, Lycium nodosum, Lycium parishii, Lycium ruthenicum, Lycium shawii, Lycium vulgare, matrimony vine, Ning Xia Gou Qi (Chinese), polysaccharides, scopoletin, Solanaceae (family), Tibetan goji berry, wolfberry, wolfberry fruit, zeaxanthin.

Background
• The dried ripe fruits of Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense, commonly called goji berry or
wolfberry, have been consumed for medicinal purposes and as a functional food in China and
throughout Asia for at least 2,000 years. Traditionally, goji berry has been used for its antiaging properties, vision-enhancing and immune system-enhancing effects, and support of kidney and liver function, and as a treatment for respiratory diseases. Goji berries contain significant quantities of lutein and zeaxanthin, which are antioxidant carotenoid pigments. The leaves, roots, and root bark of Lycium species have also been used medicinally.
• China is the world's main supplier of commercially grown goji berries. In the 21st Century, goji
berries and juice have become increasingly popular "superfoods" in the Western world.
• Although not well-studied in humans, Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) have
demonstrated anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-infertility, antioxidant, blood pressure-lowering,
cholesterol-lowering, and immune-stimulating properties. More human clinical studies are needed
to investigate goji's potential therapeutic effects.

Scientific Evidence Uses
These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.

Asthma
Preliminary evidence suggests that a traditional Chinese medicine, "Invigorating Kidney," which
contains seven herbs, including goji, may improve airway flow in asthmatics. More research is
required to determine the effects of goji alone, as well as in combination with other herbs.

Cancer
Polysaccharides from goji may have immune-stimulating effects. In human research, cancer patients receiving goji plus immune system-stimulating biological drugs improved more than patients receiving the drugs only. Additional research is needed before firm conclusions can be made.

Vision
Goji berries contain high concentrations of antioxidants. Goji-containing dietary supplements are marketed as vision-improving agents. High-quality human clinical studies are required before goji's effect on vision can be evaluated.

Tradition/Theory
The below uses are based on tradition, scientific theories, or limited research. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. There may be other proposed uses that are not listed below.

• Acne, age-related nerve damage, aging, alcoholism, Alzheimer's disease, anemia, antiaging,
antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antioxidant (free radical scavenging,
hypoxia), antitumor, arthritis, athletic performance, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, chemotherapy adverse effects, chronic fatigue syndrome, cough, depression, diabetes, dizziness, erectile dysfunction, fatigue, fever, food uses, gastrointestinal reflux disease (acid reflux), heart muscle injury, high blood pressure (hypertension), hypoglycemic agent (lowers blood sugar), immune function, immune suppression, immune system enhancement, immune system stimulant, immunomodulation, improving circulation, infertility, irritability, kidney protection, leukemia, lipid-lowering effects, liver protection, liver toxicity (protection), low blood platelets, male infertility, muscle strength, neurodegeneration,neurologic disorders, neuroprotection, nosebleeds, oral hygiene, osteoporosis, ovulation disorders, periodontal disease, radioprotection, radiosensitization, respiratory disease, restless legs syndrome, sexual dysfunction, sweating, thirst, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), tonic, type 2 diabetes, well-being, wheezing.

Dosing
The below doses are based on scientific research, publications, traditional use, or expert opinion. Many herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested, and safety and effectiveness may not be proven. Brands may be made differently, with variable ingredients, even within the same brand. The below doses may not apply to all products. You should read product labels, and discuss doses with a qualified healthcare provider before starting therapy.

• A dose of 6-15 grams of Lycium berries taken by mouth daily has been suggested. Three to four
ounces of goji juice has been taken by mouth. A typical dose is one or more cups of tea daily,
with its strength based on the condition being treated.
Children (under 18 years old)
• There is no safe or effective dose for goji in children.

Safety
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and supplements. There is no guarantee of strength, purity or safety of products, and effects may vary. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy. Consult a healthcare provider immediately if you experience side effects.

Allergies
• Avoid in those with known allergy or hypersensitivity to goji berries, root bark, roots, leaves, goji components, or members of the Solanaceae family.
• Avoid in those with known allergy or hypersensitivity to sulfites or in those with asthma, as
undeclared sulfites have been detected in two separate dried goji berry products.

Side Effects and Warnings
• Anecdotally, high doses of goji berry extract may cause alertness at bedtime and interfere with sleep, as well as cause nausea and vomiting.
• Goji may increase the risk of bleeding. Caution is advised in patients with bleeding disorders or those taking drugs, such as warfarin (Coumadin®), that may increase the risk of bleeding. Dosing adjustments may be necessary.
• Goji may lower blood sugar levels. Caution is advised in patients with diabetes or hypoglycemia, and in those taking drugs, herbs, or supplements that affect blood sugar. Blood glucose levels may need to be monitored by a qualified healthcare professional, including a pharmacist. Medication adjustments may be necessary.
• Use cautiously in patients with low blood pressure or in those taking drugs, herbs, or supplements that lower blood pressure.
• Use caution in combination with radiation therapy, as the Lycium barbarum polysaccharide may
enhance the effects of radiation.
• Avoid in asthma patients and in patients with sulfite sensitivities. The New York Department of Agriculture detected the presence of undeclared sulfites, a food additive, in two dried goji berry products from China.
• Avoid in patients who are allergic or hypersensitive to goji, any of its constituents, or members of the Solanaceae family.
• Avoid in pregnant or breastfeeding women as goji may stimulate the uterus.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
• Avoid in pregnant or breastfeeding women. Goji may stimulate the uterus.

Interactions
Most herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested for interactions with other herbs,
supplements, drugs, or foods. The interactions listed below are based on reports in scientific publications, laboratory experiments, or traditional use. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy.

Interactions with Drugs
• Goji may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with drugs that increase the risk of bleeding.
Some examples include aspirin, anticoagulants (blood thinners) such as warfarin (Coumadin®) or
heparin, antiplatelet drugs such as clopidogrel (Plavix®), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs such as ibuprofen (Motrin®, Advil®) or naproxen (Naprosyn®, Aleve®).
• Goji may lower blood sugar levels. Caution is advised when using medications that may also
lower blood sugar. Patients taking insulin or drugs for diabetes by mouth should be monitored
closely by a qualified healthcare professional, including a pharmacist. Medication adjustments
may be necessary.
• Goji may lower blood pressure. Caution is advised in patients who are taking blood pressuring-
lowering drugs.
• Goji may interfere with the way the body processes certain drugs using the liver's cytochrome
P450 enzyme system. As a result, the levels of these drugs may be increased in the blood, and
may cause increased effects or potentially serious adverse reactions. Patients using any
medications should check the package insert, and speak with a qualified healthcare professional,
including a pharmacist, about possible interactions.
• Goji may also interact with antibiotics, anticancer agents, antidepressant agents (including
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)), antifungals, antivirals, cholesterol-lowering and
triglyceride-lowering drugs, drugs affecting the heart and blood vessels, drugs that are toxic to the liver, hormonal agents (including male sexual hormones), immunosuppressants, insulin,
interleukins, and osteoporosis drugs.

Interactions with Herbs and Dietary Supplements
• Goji may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with herbs and supplements that are believed
to increase the risk of bleeding. Multiple cases of bleeding have been reported with the use of
Ginkgo biloba, and fewer cases with garlic and saw palmetto. Numerous other agents may
theoretically increase the risk of bleeding, although this has not been proven in most cases.
• Goji may lower blood sugar levels. Caution is advised when using herbs or supplements that may also lower blood sugar. Blood glucose levels may require monitoring, and doses may need
adjustment.
• Goji may lower blood pressure. Caution is advised in patients who are taking blood pressuring-
lowering herbs or supplements.
• Goji may interfere with the way the body processes certain herbs or supplements using the liver's cytochrome P450 enzyme system. As a result, the levels of other herbs or supplements may become too high in the blood. It may also alter the effects that other herbs or supplements
possibly have on the P450 system.
• Goji may also interact with antibacterials, anticancer agents, antidepressant agents (including monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)), antifungals, antivirals, cholesterol-lowering and triglyceride-lowering agents, herbs affecting the heart, herbs that affect the immune system, herbs toxic to the liver, hormonal herbs and supplements, iron, iron-containing foods,
osteoporosis agents, vitamin C, vitamin C-containing foods, zeaxanthin, zinc, and zinc-containing foods.

References
Natural Standard developed the above evidence-based information based on a thorough systematic review of the available scientific articles. For comprehensive information about alternative and complementary therapies on the professional level, go to www.naturalstandard.com. Selected references are listed below.
1. Benzie IF, Chung WY, Wang J, et al. Enhanced bioavailability of zeaxanthin in a milk-based formulation of wolfberry (Gou Qi Zi; Fructus barbarum L.). Br J Nutr 2006;96(1):154-160. View Abstract
2. Breithaupt DE, Weller P, Wolters M, et al. Comparison of plasma responses in human subjects after the ingestion of 3R,3R'-zeaxanthin dipalmitate from wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) and non-esterified 3R,3R'- zeaxanthin using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. Br J Nutr 2004;91(5):707-713. View Abstract
3. Cao GW, Yang WG, Du, P. [Observation of the effects of LAK/IL-2 therapy combining with Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in the treatment of 75 cancer patients]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 1994;16(6):428-431. View Abstract
4. Cheng CY, Chung WY, Szeto YT, et al. Fasting plasma zeaxanthin response to Fructus barbarum L. (wolfberry; Kei Tze) in a food-based human supplementation trial. Br J Nutr 2005;93(1):123-130. View Abstract
5. Fu JX. [Measurement of MEFV in 66 cases of asthma in the convalescent stage and after treatment with Chinese herbs]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1989;9(11):658-9, 644. View Abstract
6. Gan L, Hua Zhang S, Liang Yang X, et al. Immunomodulation and antitumor activity by a polysaccharide- protein complex from Lycium barbarum. Int Immunopharmacol 2004;4(4):563-569. View Abstract
7. Gan L, Zhang SH, Liu Q, et al. A polysaccharide-protein complex from Lycium barbarum upregulates cytokine expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2003;471(3):217-222. View Abstract
8. Gong H, Shen P, Jin L, et al. Therapeutic effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on irradiation or chemotherapy-induced myelosuppressive mice. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2005;20(2):155-162. View Abstract
9. Kim HP, Kim SY, Lee EJ, et al. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate from Lycium chinense has hepatoprotective activity. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1997;97(3):301-314. View Abstract
10. Lee DG, Jung HJ, Woo ER. Antimicrobial property of (+)-lyoniresinol-3alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense Miller against human pathogenic microorganisms. Arch Pharm Res 2005;28(9):1031-1036. View Abstract
11. Luo Q, Li Z, Huang X, et al. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides: Protective effects against heat-induced damage of rat testes and H2O2-induced DNA damage in mouse testicular cells and beneficial effect on sexual behavior and reproductive function of hemicastrated rats. Life Sci 2006;79(7):613-621. View Abstract
12. Luo Q, Cai Y, Yan J, et al. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum. Life Sci 2004;76(2):137-149. View Abstract
13. Wu H, Guo H, Zhao R. Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on the improvement of antioxidant ability and DNA damage in NIDDM rats. Yakugaku Zasshi 2006;126(5):365-371. View Abstract
14. Yu MS, Leung SK, Lai SW, et al. Neuroprotective effects of anti-aging oriental medicine Lycium barbarum against beta-amyloid peptide neurotoxicity. Exp Gerontol 2005;40(8-9):716-727. View Abstract
15. Zhao R, Li Q, Xiao B. Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on the improvement of insulin resistance in NIDDM rats. Yakugaku Zasshi 2005;125(12):981-988. View Abstract
Natural Standard Monograph (www.naturalstandard.com)
Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard Inc. Commercial distribution or reproduction prohibited..

Contraindications for Marijuana Use

Marijuana is called Huo Ma in Traditional Chinese Medicine, which literally translates as “Fire Hemp.” The only part of the marijuana plant used in TCM is the hemp seed, which is used to nourish the blood and lubricate the bowels. TCM views the rest of the marijuana plant has a powerful, and even harsh herb whose hot nature should be softened so as to avoid long term side effects. We do not condone or condemn medical marijuana use. We seek to support personal empowerment and educated choice. The following is a list copied from the Marijuana Syndromes website:

13 Dangerous Conditions for Marijuana Use

Traditional Chinese Medicine believes there are 13 conditions that marijuana is very dangerous for. If you have any of these conditions, don’t even think of taking marijuana.

1) Stroke

If you’ve had a stroke, especially recently, stay away from marijuana. Marijuana’s effects on the small vessels in your brain could lead to serious or fatal consequences. Don’t do it!

2) Pregnancy

Marijuana crosses the placental barrier. That means when mommy gets stoned, baby does, too. The effects of a drug as powerful as marijuana on a very tiny and developing nervous system in a fetus are not something that you want to subject your child’s development to. Be responsible. Don’t do it!

3) Breastfeeding

Marijuana comes through your breast milk when you get stoned. So if you’re getting high, your baby is, too. Your baby will not benefit in any way from getting stoned. If you get high at this time, you run the risk and hold the responsibility for the long-term damage you may do to your child’s growth and development when you introduce marijuana into his or her delicate young system.

Even if none of the items above were true, there’s another more immediate danger in taking marijuana if you’re breastfeeding. Marijuana’s hot and toxic nature can irritate your baby. You don’t want to take marijuana at this time for the same reasons that you wouldn’t want to eat garlic or eat spicy foods. All of these substances travel through your milk and make your baby uncomfortable and colicky. Don’t do it!

4) Menopause

The many discomforts that women face during menopause come from rising heat and diminishing reserves of yin and blood. This is a time when you want to cool everything down and nourish your yin. Even a small amount of marijuana at this time can interact with the processes your body is already in ways that will add to your suffering. Don’t do it!

5) Menstruation

Your body is using its body fluids and components of your blood during this time to flow unwanted material out of your body. This is a time of cleansing and rejuvenation. If you take marijuana during this time, it does at least three things that can interfere with and damage this process:

1) It can influence and alter your hormonal cycle at the point of your greatest vulnerability.

2) It may heat up your blood, which can alter the flow of your menstruation.

3) It can dry and irritate the delicate membranes that are working their hardest to have this process go as smoothly as possible for you.

Be kind to your body at this time. Don’t put a flamethrower on the garden of your fertility.

6) Diabetes

Diabetes is caused by excessive heat in the digestive system that burns up the functions of the pancreas. The heat and poison of marijuana can go straight into the digestive system and overstimulate it. In other words, if you’ve got diabetes, marijuana gives you more of what you’ve already got a problem with. Don’t do it!

7) Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is usually caused by a condition of heat in the liver and lung systems. The heat and poison of marijuana can push this heat even further and create more pressure on your already hyperactive thyroid. Don’t do it!

Schizophrenia, including family history of schizophrenia

Marijuana induces schizophrenic brainwave patterns in the people who take it. This can set up a very negative resonance in the brain if you already have schizophrenia or the tendency exists in your family. Don’t do it!

9) Acne or other skin issues

Acne and the vast majority of skin issues come from excessive heat and sometimes poison in the blood. If you already have problems of this type, then the heat and poison of marijuana will go into the level of your blood more quickly that it would in a healthy person. This extra heat and poison, right in the area that you least need it, will not help you and it can easily make your skin problems worse. Don’t do it!

10) Flu, especially with a sore throat

Many viruses have a hot and poisonous nature in the same way that marijuana does. The heat and poison of the virus may synergize with the marijuana in your body and make the whole condition much worse. Don’t do it!

11) Herpes and Shingles

The herpes virus is a very hot and toxic virus. If you take marijuana it can set up a perfect internal environment for the herpes to get a strong hold on you. This can easily lead to a breakout.

If you’ve already had a breakout, taking marijuana is the last thing that you want to do, because it can feed the fire and poison of the herpes. This can be tricky, especially with shingles, because marijuana may help with the pain you’re experiencing from the shingles but actually make the overall condition worse. Don’t do it! Try acupuncture instead.

12) Bad breath

Bad breath is usually caused by excessive heat in the stomach and stomach channels. Marijuana’s main pathway in the body is through the stomach channels. This can aggravate your bad breath in a big way. Don’t do it!

13) Sinus Infections

Also a condition of excessive heat in the stomach and large intestine channels, marijuana can really aggravate the toxic qualities of this type of infection. Be especially careful if you have any yellow, green or red mucous or discharge from your sinuses, as this indicates the presence of large amounts of toxic heat in this area. Don’t do it!

Responsible Use

Using marijuana and abusing it are totally different things. A large part of responsible use means knowing when it might be OK to use marijuana and when it’s clearly not.

If you use marijuana, there are many ways that you can enhance its positive aspects and diminish or eliminate its negative ones. Timing is important among these techniques. The more you can learn about your body, its cycles and the nature of marijuana’s qualities, the more empowered you’ll be to stay on a positive path with it.

Cranberry: Prostate Health

Source: Br J Nutr, August 31, 2010:1-9. [Epub ahead of print]

Research: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are a common condition in older men. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) powder in men at risk of prostate disease with LUTS, elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA), negative prostate biopsy and clinically confirmed chronic non-bacterial prostatitis. Forty-two participants received either 1500 mg of the dried powdered cranberries per day for 6 months (21 subjects) or no cranberry treatment (21 subjects). Physical examination, International Prostate Symptom Score, quality of life (QoL), five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), basic clinical chemistry parameters, haematology, Se, testosterone, PSA (free and total), C-reactive protein (CRP), antioxidant status, transrectal ultrasound prostate volume, urinary flow rate, ultrasound-estimated post-void residual urine volume at baseline, and at 3 and 6 months, and urine ex vivo anti-adherence activity were determined in all subjects.

Results: In contrast to the control group, patients in the cranberry group had statistically significant improvement in International Prostate Symptom Score, QoL, urination parameters, including voiding parameters (rate of urine flow, average flow, total volume and post-void residual urine volume) and lower total PSA level on day 180 of the study. There was no influence on blood testosterone or serum CRP levels. The results of the present trial, researchers believe, are the first firm e

vidence that cranberries may ameliorate LUTS, independent of benign prostatic hyperplasia or C-reactive protein level.

Cranberry

There is some human evidence supporting the use of cranberry juice and cranberry supplements to prevent urinary tract infection (UTI), although most available studies are of poor quality. There are no clear dosing guidelines, but given the safety of cranberry, it may be reasonable to recommend the use of moderate amounts of cranberry juice cocktail to prevent UTI in non-chronically ill individuals.

Cranberry has not been shown effective as a treatment for documented UTI. Although cranberry may be used as an adjunct therapy in some cases, given the proven efficacy of antibiotics, cranberry should not be considered a first line treatment.

Cranberry has been investigated for numerous other medicinal uses, and promising areas of investigation include prevention of H. pylori infection, which causes gastrointestinal ulcers and dental plaque.

The Magic of Green Tea

Frequent trips to a franchise coffee house to pick up a tall latte, with an extra couple shots of espresso, seem a common occurrence these days. We simply cannot get enough stimulation. Our minds must exceed the speed at which we weave in and out of traffic on the freeway, as our caffeine-concentrated bloodstream delivers the much-needed jolt of this widely consumed drug to all the organs in the body. Whether your vice is coffee or cola, they both share something in common: an extremely high level of one of the most powerful drugs that we covet - caffeine. Everybody craves it, and fortunes are made by exploiting it, but do we really need so much of this substance at one time? And by adding cream and sugar to our coffee, does this perpetuate a lifestyle that can help us live longer, healthier lives?

With the advent of technology, our quest for speed and stimulation has reached epidemic proportions. Consumer expectation has driven us to work harder, faster and more efficiently. In this age of the information superhighway, as we have more access to advanced information and technological wizardry, we seem to somehow become disconnected from the wisdom of our ancient ancestors. Their invention and adaptability to the environment existed without the creature comforts we have come to consider basic necessities.

Green Tea: A Sensory Pleasure
Nature has given us an extraordinary substance that can give us a different kind of stimulation; a feeling that is pleasurable to the senses without producing edginess. We can elevate our awareness and consciousness without making ourselves nervous. We can expand our imagination and possibility, and solve complex problems, in a patient, joyful manner. This substance will even nourish our nervous systems, so as to prevent overstimulation. We can detach ourselves from the limitations of negative thoughts and feelings. We can utilize this nourishment to be reflective and meditate, or engage in physical or mental activities. This is just one effect that green tea (camillia sinsensis) can provide to our spirit.

Tea: The Most Popular Beverage in the World
While it is common knowledge that "tea" is the most widely drunk substance in the world, this anecdote refers to black tea. While black tea does possess health benefits superior to coffee, it does not have the powerful health benefits of green tea.
There is a myriad of mythology surrounding the discovery and widespread use of tea. While the history varies from culture to culture, since the focus of this article relates to Chinese medicine, we shall focus on the history and mythology as it evolved from ancient China.
One of the great heroes of Chinese medicine is Shen Nong. He is considered the father of Chinese herbology, and was also an emperor of China, ruling at about the time of Moses. Shen Nong often boiled his water before he drank it; he believed this to be the best way to drink water. One day, a leaf from a nearby bush accidentally fell into his pot of boiling water. He was quite happy with the decoction he had drunk, and thought it to be a great improvement from just plain boiling water. This event is considered one of the pivotal events in green tea folklore.

Green Tea, Black Tea & Oolong Tea: What's the Difference?
Green, oolong and black tea are all derived from the same plant (camillia sinensis). What separates them in terms of color; aroma; taste; function; health benefits; and level of stimulation, is the way in which they are processed.

Green tea undergoes very little processing after the fresh leaves have been plucked. The enzymes need to be inactivated immediately, which would otherwise auto-oxidize the tea and transform it into the oolong or black varieties. For green tea, the fresh leaves are usually steamed. This again prevents the leaves from oxidation, which would change their nature.
The difference with black and oolong tea is that the leaves are allowed to oxidize. This transformation is produced in nature, by natural enzymes that occur in the leaves. In black tea, the oxidation process is lengthier than in oolong tea. Oolong tea is only partially auto-oxidized. The practice of this process is actually recent; it occured in the mid-nineteenth century, making oolong a recent creation in the tea world. Unfortunately, in both of these teas, the auto-oxidation process destroys many of the polyphenols that were originally present in the tea leaves. This degrades the tea's great health benefits. Also, in the oxidation process for both black and oolong tea, the caffeine levels are increased as the polyphenols levels are decreased. However, in green tea, this oxidation process is inhibited. The healing substances in the leaves are preserved, giving green tea the highest amount of polyphenols and the lowest amount of caffeine. Green tea also has many other unique substances, which enhance its powerful therapeutic effects on the body, spirit and mind.

Caffeine
Although black tea is thought to have the highest caffeine content of all tea, this is actually untrue. Green tea has more caffeine. However it must be understood that because of other compounds, the caffeine in green tea functions in a special and balancing way. The caffeine in green tea is surrounding by tannic acid compounds, which inhibit it from surging all at once into our bloodstream. In a sense, the caffeine in green tea is time-released into our bloodstream. This time-release effect makes the stimulation gentle and quite pleasant. It also allows us to feel the effects of green tea for an extended period of time, and outlasts the effects experienced by our friends, who are drinking coffee or cola. The effect of green tea makes us free of agitation and nervousness, and its blissful stimulation feels good to the senses.

Ingredients in Green Tea While there are probably many undiscovered ingredients in green tea, some principal substances have been confirmed. Antioxidants called polyphenols are one of the more well-known substances in green tea. It is thought that the various types of polyphenols in green tea contribute greatly to its health benefits. The types of polyphenols can further be broken down into catechins, which represent over 30% of the contents found in green tea. It has been found that the catechins in green tea, in terms of antioxidant activity, are two hundred times stronger than that of vitamin E.

ECGG (epigallocatechingallate), one of the polyphenols in green tea, shares properties similar to aspirin. It can prevent platelets from accumulating and causing obstructions in the veins. The ability to prevent clotting can be effective in the prevention of cardiovascular anomalies such as heart attacks and strokes.

ECGG also has been found to have a profound impact on stopping the formation of lung cancer in patients in Japan. Smokers might consider drinking green tea as an adjunct to prevent future illness. Furthermore, as ECGG also helps regulate blood sugar levels, diabetics and those wishing to keep their blood sugar levels in check should consider consumption of green tea.
Polyphenols can help prevent the formation of plaque. It can help destroy the formation of streptococcus bacteria in the mouth. In combination with the flouride and vitamin C in green tea, polyphenols can serve as an invaluable ally in the fight against gum disease, cavities, and tooth decay.

Some other active ingredients include:
Flouride: Up to 1 mg can be found in a cup of green tea. This mineral can strengthen bones and teeth, and help prevent the formation of cavities.

Aluminum: Trace amounts can help create a buffer against gastric acids, which can help prevent and treat stomach maladies such as irritation and heartburn.

Manganese: This element can help strengthen bones and enhance one's ability to absorb calcium. Many people with osteoporosis can benefit from the naturally occuring manganese in green tea.

Tannic acid compounds: This bitter substance helps slow the release of caffeine in green tea, and is what allows green tea to produce such a gentle, smooth stimulation. Tannic acid also can help remove toxins from the intestines and stomach.

Saponins: Saponins are quite effective in preventing fats from entering the blood stream. This is helpful in lowering cholesterol and staying fit. Green tea is used in many thermogenic formulas to help people lose weight. Part of this function comes from the saponins' ability to enhance fat metabolism. This is one of the reasons green tea is a powerful catalyst in weight-loss programs.

Thiamine: Considered a B vitamin, this substance can help induce a joyful state, alleviating stress, and acting almost as a slight narcotic. In combination with caffeine, thiamine is what allows green tea to produce such a unique, euphoric state.

Vitamin C: Adequate amount of vitamin C are found in green tea. Usually vulnerable to heat, the vitamin C in green tea is heat-resistant. Among its functions, vitamin C increases collagen synthesis; has anti-inflammatory effects; lowers LDL cholesterol; and strengthens the immune system. Vitamin C also has a protective effect upon the gums by preventing gingivitis.

Theanine: This amino acid constitutes about half of the amino acid profile in a cup of green tea. This not only makes green tea delicious and aromatic, but also allows better absorption of the antioxidants in the tea, specifically the polyphenols. According to research, theanine has been found to enhance some anti-cancer drugs, while reducing side-effects.

Aromatic oils: The aromatic oils provide the delicious taste and aroma that make green tea so wonderful. They also help induce a blissful state of worry-free feelings, softening the effect of the caffeine. This is why it is important to never use boiling water on top of green tea leaves. This destroys many of the valuable substances, including the aromatic and volatile oils, which are essential.

Health Benefits
Simplicity is always dynamic. Drinking green tea throughout the day has a positive impact on virtually every system in the body, including the cardiovascular; circulatory; respiratory; nervous; lymphatic; immune; urogenital; and musculoskelatal systems. Few substances can boast the broad-spectrum impact green tea has on our bodies and spirits.

Regulating cholesterol levels, increasing HDL levels (the "good" cholesterol) and lowering LDL levels ("bad" cholesterol) protects our hearts. Preventing blood clots maintains the smooth flow of blood through our veins, preventing strokes, angina, and heart attacks.
Through its bitter substances, green tea harmonizes and aids our digestion, and balances our intestines and stomach. Green tea helps destroy harmful bacteria, viruses and fungi, which keeps our immune systems toned and constantly working at an optimal level. Green tea strengthens our teeth and bones, and helps to prevent future maladies such as osteoporosis and tooth decay. Other substances in green tea help us stay fit by metabolizing fat. By preventing obesity, we help ward off a plethora of obesity-related diseases.

Producing a state of clarity and divine inspiration without jitters, green tea keeps us happy and positive. The happier we are, the more endorphins and enkephalins we produce. These are the feel-good neurochemicals produced when we fall in love, eat chocolate, and laugh! Green tea also maintains a youthful appearance by tightening the skin and protecting it from harmful ultraviolet sunlight.

Tea Bags vs. Bulk Tea
To engage in the ultimate and complete green tea experience, please do not use tea bags. The aroma, vitamin and mineral content is simply lacking. The idea that using tea bags is better than not drinking green tea at all is not a sound argument. You must use fresh leaves to benefit fully.

Bulk green tea can be purchased at a local Chinatown, or by mail order. There are endless varieties of green tea from different farmers, regions and grades. One of the most famous and popular green teas is a Chinese version called lung ching ("dragon's well"). In Japan, matcha is one of more popular green teas.

Just as there are endless types of wine, there are many other varieties of green tea. Tea can generally be broken down into green, black and oolong categories; within each category, there are basic varieties and expensive, connoisseur teas. These are wonderful to share with loved ones, and on special occasions, much like the way you would save a special bottle of wine for an important event. The beauty of tea is that at most tea shops, or at your local Chinatown, you can ask for an ounce of a very expensive tea. In these instances, a tea that would normally cost $500 per pound may only cost $5 to sample this sublime substance.

Teas such as lung ching generally cost about $30 for a pound. A pound will last a considerable amount of time, and should be stored in a sealed vat, away from heat. Since each teaspoon can generally be brewed 3-4 times, tea is extremely economical.

Preparing Green Tea
This is a complex area, which depends largely on the desired effect you wish to achieve.
For a stimulating effect: Use 1 teaspoon of leaves into 1 cup of hot water (140o Fahrenheit). After boiling the water, let the water cool for about 5 minutes. Let the first batch steep for 90 seconds. You can let it steep for up to 3 minutes for a stimulating effect. However, the Japanese tend to look down upon brewing tea for this long; they prefer no longer than 90 seconds. You can experiment trying from 90 seconds up to 3 minutes of steeping time.
For a relaxing effect: Let boiling water cool for about five minutes, then pour the water (about 140o F) onto 1 teaspoon of leaves. Let it steep for about 60 seconds, and then immediately pour out the tea. Repeat the same step again, but this time, let the tea steep for about 3 minutes. This method tends to accentuate the tannic acid content, which inhibits the caffeine. This is a nice method to use before meditation or sleep.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn) and Curcumin

While some complementary and alternative techniques have been studied scientifically, high- quality data regarding safety, effectiveness, and mechanism of action are limited or controversial for most therapies. Whenever possible, it is recommended that practitioners be licensed by a recognized professional organization that adheres to clearly published standards.

Background
• The rhizome (root) of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat gastrointestinal upset, arthritic pain, and "low energy." Laboratory and animal research has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties of turmeric and its constituent curcumin. Preliminary human evidence, albeit poor quality, suggests possible efficacy in the management of dyspepsia (heartburn), hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol), and scabies (when used on the skin).

Scientific Evidence
Uses
These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.

Grade*
Antioxidant
Oxidative stress has been shown to result in abnormal functioning of the cells that line the inner surface of arteries and veins. Given the potential antioxidant effects of curcumin, one clinical trial examined the role of NCB-02, which is a standardized preparation of curcuminoids, on functioning of these cells and markers of this process in patients with type 2 diabetes and demonstrated positive results. More well-designed clinical trials are needed before a recommendation can be made.

Blood clot prevention
Early research suggests that turmeric may prevent the formation of blood clots. However, more research is needed before turmeric can be recommended for these conditions.

Cancer
Several early animal and laboratory studies report anti-cancer (colon, skin, breast)
properties of curcumin. Many mechanisms have been considered, including antioxidant activity, anti-angiogenesis (prevention of new blood vessel growth), and direct effects on cancer cells. Currently it remains unclear if turmeric or curcumin has a role in preventing or treating human cancers. There are several ongoing studies in this area.


Cognitive functio

n
Curcumin has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and to reduce beta-amyloid and plaque burden in lab studies. However, there is currently not enough evidence to suggest the use of curcumin for cognitive performance.

Dyspepsia (heartburn)
Turmeric has been traditionally used to treat stomach problems (such as indigestion from a fatty meal). There is preliminary evidence that turmeric may offer some relief from these stomach problems. However, at high doses or with prolonged use, turmeric may actually irritate or upset the stomach. Reliable human research is necessary before a recommendation can be made.

Gallstone prevention/bile flow stimulant
It has been said that there are fewer people with gallstones in India, which is sometimes credited to turmeric in the diet. Early studies report that curcumin, a chemical in turmeric, may decrease the occurrence of gallstones. However, reliable human studies are lacking in this area. The use of turmeric may be inadvisable in patients with active gallstones.

High cholesterol
Early studies suggest that turmeric may lower levels of low-density lipoprotein ("bad cholesterol") and total cholesterol in the blood. Better human studies are needed before a recommendation can be made.

HIV/AIDS
Several laboratory studies suggest that curcumin, a component of turmeric, may have activity against HIV. However, reliable human studies are lacking in this area.

Inflammation
Laboratory and animal studies show anti-inflammatory activity of turmeric and its
constituent curcumin. Reliable human research is lacking.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional disorder for which there are limited reliable medical treatments. One study investigated the effects of Curcuma xanthorriza on IBS and found that treatment did not show any therapeutic benefit over placebo. More studies are needed to verify these findings.

Liver protection
In traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine, turmeric has been used to tone the liver. Early research suggests that turmeric may have a protective effect on the liver, but more research is needed before any recommendations can be made.

Oral leukoplakia
Results from lab and animal studies suggest turmeric may have anticancer effects. Large, well-designed human studies are needed before a recommendation can be made.

Osteoarthritis
Turmeric has been used historically to treat rheumatic conditions. Laboratory and animal studies show anti-inflammatory activity of turmeric and its constituent curcumin, which may be beneficial in people with osteoarthritis. Reliable human research is lacking.

Peptic ulcer disease (stomach ulcer)
Turmeric has been used historically to treat stomach and duodenal ulcers. However, at high doses or with prolonged use, turmeric may actually further irritate or upset the stomach. Currently, there is not enough human evidence to make a firm recommendation.

Rheumatoid arthritis
Turmeric has been used historically to treat rheumatic conditions and based on animal research may reduce inflammation. Reliable human studies are necessary before a recommendation can be made in this area.

Scabies
Historically, turmeric has been used on the skin to treat chronic skin ulcers and scabies. It has also been used in combination with the leaves of the herb Azadirachta indica ADR or "neem." More research is necessary before a firm recommendation can be made.

Uveitis (eye inflammation)
Laboratory and animal studies show anti-inflammatory activity of turmeric and its
constituent curcumin. A poorly designed human study suggests a possible benefit of
curcumin in the treatment of uveitis. Reliable human research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn.

Viral infection
Evidence suggests that turmeric may help treat viral infections. However, there is not enough human evidence in this area. Well-designed trials are needed to determine if these claims are true.

Tradition/Theory
The below uses are based on tradition, scientific theories, or limited research. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. There may be other proposed uses that are not listed below.

• Abdominal bloating, Alzheimer's disease, antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial,
antispasmodic, anti-venom, appetite stimulant, asthma, boils, breast milk stimulant,
bruises, cataracts, chemoprotective, colic, constipation, contraception, cough, cystic
fibrosis, diabetes, diarrhea, dizziness, dyspepsia, epilepsy, fever, flavoring agent, gas,
gonorrhea, heart damage from doxorubicin (Adriamycin®, Doxil®), Helicobacter pylori infection, hepatitis, high blood pressure, histological dye, human papillomavirus (HPV), hypoglycemic agent (blood sugar lowering), infections (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), insect bites, insect repellent, intestinal worms, jaundice, kidney disease, kidney stones, leprosy, liver damage from toxins/drugs, male fertility, menstrual pain, menstrual period problems/lack of menstrual period, multidrug resistance, muscle ache, nutritional support, neurodegenerative disorders, pain, parasites, rheumatic disorders, ringworm, runny nose, scarring, scleroderma, sepsis, skin disorders, stroke prevention, toxicity, urinary disorders, weight reduction, wound healing.

Dosing
The below doses are based on scientific research, publications, traditional use, or expert opinion. Many herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested, and safety and effectiveness may not be proven. Brands may be made differently, with variable ingredients, even within the same brand. The below doses may not apply to all products. You should read product labels, and discuss doses with a qualified healthcare provider before starting therapy.

Adults (over 18 years old)
• Doses used range from 450 milligrams of curcumin capsules to 3 grams of turmeric root daily, divided into several doses, taken by mouth. As a tea, 1 to 1.5 grams of dried root may be steeped in 150 milliliters of water for 15 minutes and taken twice daily. Average dietary intake of turmeric in the Indian population may range between 2 to 2.5 grams, corresponding to 60 to 200 milligrams of curcumin daily. A dose of 0.6 milliliters of turmeric oil has been taken three times daily for one month and a dose of 1 milliliter in three divided doses has been taken for two months.
• One reported method for treating scabies is to cover affected areas once daily with a paste consisting of a 4:1 mixture of Azadirachta indica ADR ("neem") to turmeric, for up to 15 days. Scabies should be treated under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.
Children (under 18 years old)
• There is no proven or safe medicinal dose of turmeric in children.

Safety
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and supplements. There is no guarantee of strength, purity or safety of products, and effects may vary. You should always
read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy. Consult a healthcare provider immediately if you experience side effects.

Allergies
• Allergic reactions to turmeric may occur, including contact dermatitis (an itchy rash) after
skin or scalp exposure. People with allergies to plants in the Curcuma genus are more likely to have an allergic reaction to turmeric. Use cautiously in patients allergic to turmeric or any of its constituents (including curcumin), to yellow food colorings, or to plants in the Zingiberaceae (ginger) family.

Side Effects and Warnings
• Turmeric may cause an upset stomach, especially in high doses or if given over a long period of time. Heartburn has been reported in patients being treated for stomach ulcers. Since turmeric is sometimes used for the treatment of heartburn or ulcers, caution may be necessary in some patients. Nausea and diarrhea have also been reported.
• Based on laboratory and animal studies, turmeric may increase the risk of bleeding. Caution is advised in patients with bleeding disorders or taking drugs that may increase the risk of bleeding. Dosing adjustments may be necessary. Turmeric should be stopped prior to scheduled surgery.
• Limited animal studies show that a component of turmeric, curcumin, may increase liver function tests. However, one human study reports that turmeric has no effect on these tests. Turmeric or curcumin may cause gallbladder squeezing (contraction) and may not be advised in patients with gallstones. In animal studies, hair loss (alopecia) and lowering of blood pressure have been reported. In theory, turmeric may weaken the immune system and should be used cautiously in patients with immune system deficiencies.
• Turmeric should be used with caution in people with diabetes or hypoglycemia or people taking drugs or supplements that lower blood sugar.
• Turmeric may increase the risk of kidney stone formation in people prone to kidney stones.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
• Historically, turmeric has been considered safe when used as a spice in foods during pregnancy and breastfeeding. However, turmeric has been found to cause uterine stimulation and to stimulate menstrual flow and caution is therefore warranted during pregnancy. Animal studies have not found turmeric taken by mouth to cause abnormal fetal development.

Interactions
Most herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested for interactions with other herbs, supplements, drugs, or foods. The interactions listed below are based on reports in scientific publications, laboratory experiments, or traditional use. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy.
Interactions with Drugs
• Based on laboratory and animal studies, turmeric may inhibit platelets in the blood and increase the risk of bleeding caused by other drugs. Some examples include aspirin, anticoagulants ("blood thinners") such as warfarin (Coumadin®) or heparin, anti-platelet drugs such as clopidogrel (Plavix®), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (Motrin®, Advil®) or naproxen (Naprosyn®, Aleve®).
• Based on animal data, turmeric may lower blood sugar and therefore may have additive effects with diabetes medications.
• In animals, turmeric protects against stomach ulcers caused by non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin (Indocin®) and against heart
damage caused by the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (Adriamycin®).
• Turmeric may lower blood pressure levels and may have an additive effect if taken with drugs that also lower blood pressure.
• Turmeric may lower blood levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad" cholesterol) and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL or "good" cholesterol). Thus, turmeric may increase the effects of cholesterol-lowering drugs such as lovastatin (Mevacor®) or atorvastatin (Lipitor®).
• Based on animal studies, turmeric may interfere with the way the body processes certain drugs using the liver's "cytochrome P450" enzyme system. As a result, the levels of these drugs may be increased in the blood and may cause increased effects or potentially serious adverse reactions. Patients using any medications should check the package insert and speak with a healthcare professional or pharmacist about possible interactions.
• When taken with indomethacin or reserpine, turmeric may help reduce the number of stomach and intestinal ulcers normally caused by these drugs. However, when taken in larger doses or when used for long periods of time, turmeric itself can cause ulcers. Interactions with Herbs and Dietary Supplements
• Based on animal studies, turmeric may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with herbs and supplements that are believed to increase the risk of bleeding. Multiple cases of bleeding have been reported with the use of Ginkgo biloba, some cases with garlic, and fewer cases with saw palmetto.
• Based on animal data, turmeric may lower blood sugar. Individuals taking other herbs or supplements or diabetes medications should speak with a healthcare professional before starting turmeric.
• Turmeric may lower blood levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad" cholesterol) and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL or "good" cholesterol). Thus, turmeric may increase the effects of cholesterol-lowering herbs or supplements such as fish oil, garlic, guggul, or niacin.
• Based on animal studies, turmeric may interfere with the way the body processes certain herbs or supplements using the liver's "cytochrome P450" enzyme system. As a result, the levels of other herbs or supplements may become too high in the blood. It may also alter the effects that other herbs or supplements possibly have on the P450 system.
• Turmeric may lower blood pressure and may therefore have an additive effect if taken with herbs that also lower blood pressure.


• This information is based on a systematic review of scientific literature edited and peer- reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration
(www.naturalstandard.com).
References
Natural Standard developed the above evidence-based information based on a thorough systematic review of the available scientific articles. For comprehensive information about
alternative and complementary therapies on the professional level, go to
www.naturalstandard.com.

Broccoli sprouts: Cancer

Source: Nutr Cancer, February 2011;63(2):196-201.

Research: Sulforaphane (SF) is a chemopreventive isothiocyanate (ITC) derived from the myrosinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of glucoraphanin, a thioglucoside present in broccoli. Broccoli supplements often contain glucoraphanin but lack myrosinase, putting in question their ability to provide dietary SF. This study compared the relative absorption of SF from air-dried broccoli sprouts rich in myrosinase and a glucoraphanin-rich broccoli powder lacking myrosinase, individually and in combination. Subjects (n = 4) each consumed 4 meals consisting of dry cereal and yogurt with 2 g sprouts, 2 g powder, both or neither. Blood and urine were analyzed for SF metabolites.

Results: The 24-hour urinary SF recovery was 74%, 49% and 19% of the dose ingested from broccoli sprouts, combination and broccoli powder meals, respectively. Urinary and plasma ITC appearance was delayed from the broccoli powder compared to the sprouts and combination. A liver function panel indicated no toxicity from any treatment at 24 hours. These data indicate a delayed appearance in plasma and urine of SF from the broccoli powder relative to SF from myrosinase-rich sprouts. Combining broccoli sprouts with the broccoli powder enhanced SF absorption from broccoli powder, offering the potential for development of foods that modify the health impact of broccoli products.

Herbs & Botanicals Market - Brazil

By Julie Dennis
otanical sales continue their gradual ascent in regions across the globe regardless, or perhaps because of, economic woes.

“Part of it is economics; you can’t afford to get sick,” said George Pontiakos, president and CEO, BI Nutraceuticals, Long Beach, CA. “The trusted, consultative, medical resource is not out there; your family doctor is not there anymore and people are recognizing they have to take their health into their own hands.”

It’s not all economics, though. Many people simply want to live healthier lives and botanicals are simply part of that goal. “Consumers continue to demonstrate their interest in and demand for natural ways to improve their health,” said Mark Blumenthal, founder and executive director, American Botanical Council (ABC), Austin, TX, and editor of HerbalGram and HerbClip.

Increasing demand for botanical remedies is both a national, and international, trend. In fact, the global herbal supplement and remedies market is expected to reach $93 billion by 2015, according to a new report by San Jose, CA-based Global Industry Analysts, Inc.

Brazil: Botanical Climate

Another notable botanical market is Brazil, as regulations continue to change and opportunity continues to knock. The economy is relatively stable, wages are rising for many, and education and consumer demand for dietary supplements are increasing.

“Brazil is going through a period of rapid growth, and consumption of health and beauty products is growing accordingly,” said Paul Altaffer, vice president of business and product development, RFI Ingredients, LLC, Blauvelt, NY. “Supplement sales are soaring as consumers are buying international and domestic branded products. As the economy grows so does income—and Brazil’s income inequality gap is narrowing, meaning more Brazilians can afford what a short period of time ago were considered luxury goods.”

Brazil shares the same health concerns experienced by most industrialized nations, including obesity/overweight, lack of energy, stress, heart issues and immunity, according to Mr. Altaffer.

The aging population in Brazil, similar to the EU and the U.S., is also a driving force behind consumer spending. In fact, consumers over age 60 are estimated to contribute about 13% of Brazil’s total income, according to a Euromonitor report.

Addressing these concerns are some of the top-selling botanicals, including guarana, mate, acerola, acai, camu camu, cha de bugre, catuaba and boldo, Mr. Altaffer said.

But with opportunity also comes challenges, especially as regulations continue to evolve and thwart more dramatic sales increases. One factor contributing to this slowing pace is the group of South American countries currently banding together to develop uniform regulations.

Countries involved in this process include Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Chile and Uruguay. Consensus and stability are still elusive as these diverse countries attempt to transform the regulatory landscape.

“The system is quite bureaucratic. It becomes more complex as a result of Brazil’s (primarily) effort to come up with a common regulatory environment (similar to CODEX in Europe),” Mr. Altaffer explained. Needless to say, the pace of adopting new regulations has been slow.

The emerging regulations are intended to bring Brazil “in line with U.S. and European regulatory frameworks. Brazil emulates the Europeans. As a result, supplements must all be registered with ANVISA (Brazil’s regulatory agency for health products and services), demonstrating safety/toxicity, efficacy and so on,” Mr. Altaffer added.

Botanical Drug Update

The botanical drug industry is steadily growing despite high costs of approval.

Over the past decade, a new U.S. botanical drug industry has been steadily growing, according to Freddie Ann Hoffman, MD, CEO and founding member of the Washington, D.C.-based consulting firm HeteroGeneity, LLC, which focuses on the development of complex, heterogeneous products, such as botanicals, for the U.S. market.

Unlike dietary supplements, products classified as botanical drugs are intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease, and also affect the structure or function of the body, Ms. Hoffman explained. In the U.S., these disease claims classify the product as a drug under the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.

Any product not already approved as a “drug” must be approved under a New Drug Application (NDA) with FDA prior to being marketed.

To study a new drug, the drug’s sponsor must first file an Investigational New Drug (IND) application with the FDA. This allows the drug to be studied in humans to obtain the safety and efficacy data required for U.S. drug approval.

Furthermore, the product must be manufactured under strict conditions with a high-level of reproducibility and documentation, including the collection of nonclinical, and clinical data, using rigorous experimental designs, Ms. Hoffman said.

Regardless of the high cost of pursuing a drug approval, for many manufacturers the appeal outweighs the price. There are approximately “500 INDs for botanical drugs that have been submitted to FDA in various stages of development. Many of these future drugs offer novel mechanisms of action,” Ms. Hoffman noted.

While not a “botanical,” FDA approved a complex natural drug from an omega 3 fatty acid rich fish oil in November 2004. This drug is now marketed as Lovaza (GlaxoSmithKline), and according to IMS Health has had annual sales exceeding $1 billion dollars since 2009.

In October 2006, the green tea extract Veregen was also approved as a “new” drug, and is now a prescription drug approved for topical use to treat genital warts. Further, several older botanical ingredients, such as psyllium, are regulated as both “food” and “drug” ingredients.

The potential benefits for the manufacturer pursuing a drug classification include significantly stronger labeling, such as direct clinical indications and promotional claims, warnings, precautions and contraindications for clinical use, and therefore “buy-in” by U.S. healthcare professionals—with possible reimbursement for prescription drugs. There is also significant protection of proprietary information, including trade secrets—i.e., competitors cannot “borrow” science, unless the second drug is a “generic equivalent.”

“To claim ‘generic equivalency,’ the active(s) from both drugs must be administered to human subjects and demonstrate comparable absorption and distribution patterns, in conformance with standardized ‘bioequivalence’ testing procedures,” Ms. Hoffman explained.

Also, approved NDAs are given a period of exclusive marketing rights wherein FDA is prohibited from accepting another NDA submission for an identical product.

“There are many diseases and conditions that do not respond to a single drug. Cancer is one of these, as is HIV infection and other infectious and inflammatory conditions. The standard of care for these conditions is to use a ‘cocktail’ of drugs,” said Ms. Hoffman. “Because botanicals are such complex products they may be able to hit multiple targets to prevent the resistance formed by malignant cells and some infectious agents, for example.”

“Nature is a fantastic biochemist, which offers infinite possibilities for drug exploration,” she said, adding that if proven to work under strict U.S. drug law, “the future for complex drugs in the U.S. is wide open and bright.” —JD

O abençoado Alho

O alho (Allium sativum) é um vegetal da família Liliacerae, sendo encontrado na forma de raiz. Seu bulbo, vulgarmente conhecido como cabeça, é constituído por vários dentes, os quais são empregados como condimento culinário e como medicamento há centenas de anos em todo o mundo. Este emprego na culinária o coloca em vantagem frente a outras ervas de efeito farmacológico conhecido e desejável como o Ginkgo biloba, por exemplo.

Antigamente, no Egito, o alho era usado para remediar a diarréia e, na Grécia antiga, ele era empregado como medicamento no tratamento de patologias pulmonares e intestinais. Pesquisas recentes identificaram que o alho possui ainda diversas propriedades dentre as quais se destacam as antimicrobianas, antineoplásicas, terapêuticas contra doenças cardiovasculares, imunoestimulatórias e hipoglicemiante.
Pasteur relatou, em 1858, a atividade antibacteriana do alho que tem sido confirmada por diversos autores até hoje. Em laboratório, mediante diluição em série, o extrato fresco de alho mostrou ser capaz de inibir o crescimento de 14 espécies de bactérias, entre as quais o Stafilococcus aureus, Klebsiella peneumoniae e Escherichia coli, que são bactérias potencialmente maléficas à saúde. Isto ainda se deu, mesmo usando o extrato de alho diluído 128 vezes.

Uma solução de 5% preparada com alho fresco desidratado mostrou atividade bactericida contra Salmonella typhimurium. Isto é atribuído à alicina, o componente chave da atividade antimicrobiana que também é responsável pelo odor característico do alho. A atividade antimicrobiana do alho é reduzida com sua fervura pois a alicina é desnaturada durante o processamento térmico.
O alho ainda tem se mostrado ser capaz de combater o Helicobacter pylory, a maior causa de dispepsia, câncer gástrico e também de úlceras gástricas e duodenais. Foi observado recentemente que 2g/L de extrato de alho inibe completamente o crescimento do H. pylori. Os autores concluíram que este efeito bactericida pode contribuir para prevenir a formação de câncer gástrico.

Esta evidência foi comprovada num estudo epidemiológico efetuado na China, onde foi notado que: O risco de câncer gástrico é 13 vezes menor em indivíduos que consomem 20g/dia de alho em relação aqueles que consomem menos que 1g/dia. Em outro estudo, na Itália, foi observada uma correlação negativa entre o consumo de alho e o risco de câncer gástrico (risco relativo = 0,8). O efeito anticancerígeno do alho parece estar ligado à estimulação da enzima hepática glutationa S-transferase envolvida em processos de detoxicação de muitos carcinógenos.

A seguir, no quadro 1, podemos observar a composição centesimal do alho.
O que mais se destaca na composição nutricional do alho, são os altos teores dos elementos zinco e selênio, ambos metais antioxidantes. No organismo humano, estes nutrientes estão envolvidos tanto direta como indiretamente no funcionamento do sistema imunológico.

Diversos são os estudos que têm identificado baixos níveis sangüíneos tanto de selênio como de zinco, em pacientes portadores de patologias como a AIDS, onde o sistema imunológico encontra-se gravemente debilitado. A prescrição dietoterápica atualmente feita para tais pacientes preconiza o consumo de alho, entre outras coisas. Há estudos que apontam para uma atividade anti-viral do alho. Neste sentido, seu consumo também é indicado para casos de resfriado, gripe e nas viroses em geral.
A propriedade imunoestimulatória do alho está, também, relacionada à presença de substâncias encontradas no seu extrato (dialil trisulfito e dialil sulfito) que estimulam a imudidade de uma maneira geral (estimula a proliferação de células T e de citocinas produzidas por macrófagos). Neste sentido, estudos têm demonstrado que o alho atua estimulando tanto a imunidade humoral como a celular.

Outro efeito nutracêutico notável do alho esta relacionado aos benefícios cardiovasculares que ele proporciona. O consumo regular de alho reduz o nível do colesterol sérico total, evita a agregação plaquetária e também possui atividade antioxidante, prevenindo aterosclerose e doenças cardiovasculares. Estudo canadense efetuado com homens moderadamente hipercolesterolêmicos (32 a 68 anos) mostrou que o consumo de 7,2g/dia de extrato de alho durante meio ano reduz em 5,5% a pressão arterial sistólica, em 7,0% o colesterol sérico total e em 4,6% o colesterol de baixa densidade (LDL).

A atividade hipocolesterolêmica do alho se deve à inibição de diversos passos enzimáticos da síntese hepática do colesterol e a um acréscimo na excreção de ácido biliar e de esteróis. Os componentes do alho alicina, alinina e S-alil sulfato exibem propriedades que inibem a agregação plaquetária. O efeito em rede de tais propriedades resulta na prevenção da aterosclerose e das doenças cardiovasculares.
Na prevenção de doenças, o alho também tem merecido destaque. Recentemente, um estudo epidemiológico efetuado em duas regiões distintas da China, uma que emprega o alho na culinária e outra que não o utiliza, mostrou que a região que usa regularmente o alho tem menores índices de morbidade e de mortalidade em relação a região que não utiliza o alho na alimentação.

Se não bastasse todos os benefícios à saúde aqui descritos, o alho ainda possui propriedades hipoglicemiantes. O extrato de alho mediante seu componente sulfóxido S-alilciteína, reduziu significantemente a glicose sangüínea. O mecanismo provável desta atuação se deve, ao menos em parte, ao estímulo à secreção de insulina pelas células ß do pâncreas.

- Pricipais benefícios do consumo regular de alho na
quantidade mínima de 8g/dia.
Aumenta a longevidade
Reduz os riscos de infarto
Favorece o bom funcionamento do sistema imunológico
Reduz a glicose sanguínea
Reduz o colesterol LDL (ruim)
Aumenta o colesterol HDL (bom)
Combate bactérias e vírus
Previne a aterosclerose
Previne o câncer
Melhora a qualidade de vida

Em resumo, os dados dos estudos apontam para diversos benefícios à saúde derivados do consumo regular do alho. Isto torna o alho uma especiaria extremamente atrativa de ser incluída no cardápio diário não somente pelo seu aroma e sabor, mas também pelos seus benefícios medicinais.